PDF Properties
Using a custom set of XML tags inside your HTML, you can insert both custom metadata as well as instructions for how the PDF would be viewed in a PDF viewer application (subject of course to that application supporting those features).
Options
You use the (optional) tag <pdfproperties> and within that tag you
can insert <metainfo> and <pdfpreferences>
sections as shown in the instructions below. Within the
<metainfo> tag, you can add <prop> tags
with @name, @value attribute pairs with the data you wish
to store in the PDF metadata. Anything without one of the recognized, standard PDF
names (author, title, subject,
creator, keywords) are stored in custom metadata in
the PDF.
The <pdfpreferences> section allows you to insert one or more
<pref> tags with specific @name,
@value pairs that control the way the resulting PDF is displayed
with a viewer that supports standard PDF view attributes. The support
name, @value pairs are listed below and grouped into
all the available categories:
General PDF Options
These options let you control some general information about the generated PDF.
bookmarks - sets whether PDF bookmarks are generated or not. The default
is "false" for Cloudformatter. You can set @value to "true" if you want
bookmarks in PDF. Note that bookmarks are only generated for interpreted
hierarchical information. All h1 elements and there following
h2 elements and so on. Skipping levels will break the sequence and
the bookmarks will not be correct.
pdf-version - sets the PDF version number. The default is version 1.5
for Cloudformatter but you set @value to values like "1.3", "1.4",
"1.6" or "1.7" if you wish to change the version. Be aware thar some other features
could be disabled by setting the version too low.
compress - sets whether the PDF is compressed or not. The default is
"true" for Cloudformatter. You can set @value to "false" if you want
uncompressed PDF.
linearize - sets whether the PDF is linearized or not. The default is
"false" for Cloudformatter. You can set @value to "true" if you want to
optimize a long PDF for web view.
PDF View Options
These options let you control how the PDF when opened appears to the end user.
view-mode - Choose from one of the following:
auto- If there are bookmarks in the document, the bookmarks pane is displayed. Otherwise, all auxiliary panes are hidden.show-none- All auxiliary panes are hidden.show-bookmarks- The bookmarks pane is displayed.show-thumbnails- The thumbnails pane is displayed.full-screen- The document is displayed in full screen-mode.
initial-zoom - Choose from one of the following:
auto- Page scaling is not specified.fit- The page is scaled to fit completely into the view port.fit-width- The page is scaled so that its width matches the width of the view port.fit-height- The page is scaled so that its height matches the height of the view port.###or####%- The page is scaled by the number or percentage specified.
page-layout - Choose from one of the following:
auto- Uses settings of viewer application.single-page- Displays one page at a time.continuous- Displays pages continuously in one column.two-columns-left- Displays pages continuously in two columns, with odd-numbered pages to the left.two-columns-right- Displays pages continuously in two columns, with odd-numbered pages to the right.two-pages-left- Displays pages in two columns, by two pages at a time, with odd-numbered pages to the left.two-pages-right- Displays pages in two columns, by two pages at a time, with odd-numbered pages to the right.
viewer-preferences - A comma separated list of the following
possibilities:
hide-toolbar- Hides the viewer application's tool bars when the document is active.hide-menubar- Hides the viewer application's menu bar when the document is active.hide-window-ui- Hides user interface elements in the document's window (such as scroll bars and navigation controls), leaving only the document's contents displayed.fit-window- Resizes the document's window to fit the size of the first displayed page.center-window- Positions the document's window in the center of the screen.display-document-title- Controls whether the window's title bar displays the document title taken from the "title" metadata field.
PDF Security
These options allow you to specify owner and user security in the PDF output. User-level security can inject a password to be used to open the PDF, while owner-level security can control what can be done with the PDF (like printing it or copying the data from it).
userpassword - Sets the user password that must be entered to view the
PDF. There are no options, the @value passed is the password to be
used.
ownerpassword - Sets the owner password that must be entered to enable
advanced processing of the PDF. There are no options, the @value passed
is the password to be used. An ownerpassword is used to lock down certain privledges
that an owner will grant to a recipient of the PDF. Without the owner password,
recipients can be restricted from certain things. By default they are restricted
from everything, and you can then specify what additional things you allow by using
userpriviledges.
userpriviledges - A comma separated list of the following
possibilities:
print- Enables printing the document.modify- Enables editing the document.copy- Enables copying text and images from the document to the clipboard.annotate- Enables adding notations to the document and changing the field values.
PDF Pre-Press Options
These allow you to specify crop marks, bleeds and registration marks to be applied to the PDF.
crop-offset - specify offsets from the meaningful content on the page to
the edges of the physical media (/MediaBox entry in the PDF page dictionary). Its
value is a series of 1 to 4 length specifiers that set offsets from the edges of the
page area to the corresponding edges of the /MediaBox. Rules for expanding the value
are the same as for the padding property in CSS.
bleed - specify the bleeds — an extra space around the page area into
which the contents of the page may protrude (/BleedBox entry in the PDF page
dictionary). Its value is a series of 1 to 4 length specifiers that set offsets from
the edges of the page area to the corresponding edges of the /BleedBox. Rules for
expanding the value are the same as for the padding property in CSS.
crop-mark-width - defines line width for the crop marks, setting it to 0
disables drawing of crop marks.
bleed-mark-width - defines line width for the bleed marks, setting it to
0 disables drawing of bleed marks.
printer-mark - specify additional SVG images to be drawn in the offset
area surrounding the page (specified by crop-offset and bleed parameters). Printer
marks are clipped to the outside of the bleed rectangle. The @value is
a URL to an SVG you have. This sample has two URLs (one for a colorbar and one for a
registration mark) you can also use if you like.
The following code is what is behind this page for producing the PDF. Of course, you would only see the things supported by your PDF viewer you use. If you wish to see them all in action, then use "download" and Adobe Reader to view the PDF.
Recent changes in some browsers will not treat this XML as XML. Instead it tries (incorrectly) to not close tags. For best results, be sure to use open and close tags and not a self-closing tag.
<pdfproperties style="display:none;">
<metainfo>
<prop name="author" value="Xportability LLC"></prop>
<prop name="title"
value="Xportability Cloudformatter: Showing Custom
PDF Properties"></prop>
<prop name="subject" value="A Cloudformatter Document"></prop>
<prop name="creator" value="css2pdf@cloudformatter.com"></prop>
<prop name="keywords" value="CSS, PDF, Cloudformatter"></prop>
<prop name="custom1" value="value1"></prop>
<prop name="custom2" value="value2"></prop>
<prop name="custom3" value="value3"></prop>
<prop name="custom4" value="value4"></prop>
</metainfo>
<pdfpreferences>
<pref name="bookmarks" value="true"></pref>
<pref name="pdf-version" value="1.6"></pref>
<pref name="view-mode" value="auto"></pref>
<pref name="initial-zoom" value="fit-height"></pref>
<pref name="page-layout" value="two-columns-left"></pref>
<pref name="viewer-preferences" value="display-document-title"></pref>
<pref name="crop-offset" value="0.5in"></pref>
<pref name="crop-mark-width" value="1px"></pref>
<pref name="printer-mark"
value="http://www.cloudformatter.com/Resources/Images/registration.svg"></pref>
<pref name="printer-mark"
value="http://www.cloudformatter.com/Resources/Images/colorbar.svg"></pref>
</pdfpreferences>
</pdfproperties>
Sample Output H2
Nostrud dolor dolor aliquam amet erat gubergren sanctus amet rebum kasd et labore. Eu voluptua sit iriure autem eum dolor elitr sea rebum dolore. Eu amet stet stet eu amet est dolore erat sed lorem. Rebum clita et erat euismod et stet vero autem lorem sed lorem diam eos ipsum accumsan ipsum. Ad labore sit ut duo wisi consetetur lorem ex. Ea dolores duis iriure duo. Aliquyam et tincidunt vero invidunt eu consectetuer imperdiet eu et iusto sadipscing et sanctus magna lorem. Eos eum et dolore. Consetetur ea justo tempor et ut no illum te duis invidunt nisl elitr dignissim dolor in magna eum et. Lorem sadipscing elitr sit et erat autem ut sit. Sit dolor aliquyam sit nonumy elitr tempor ipsum gubergren esse tempor ea zzril nonumy et.
Veniam ut takimata dolores ea esse sed at sit diam tempor sit ullamcorper dignissim sea magna nonumy. Eirmod ut at ut. Nonumy dolores invidunt magna invidunt justo kasd lorem at sed dolores. Et sadipscing ea magna consetetur sit voluptua accusam ea dolores stet ut rebum facilisis nonumy est invidunt. Takimata velit amet sed invidunt duo sed sanctus no sanctus sea justo dolore. Iriure consequat vero eirmod magna accusam consetetur. Ea amet exerci et ipsum dolor duo accumsan option takimata dolores et.
Sample Output H3
Elitr est sanctus rebum ipsum tempor ut dignissim stet eros accumsan est. Lorem odio sit invidunt rebum diam lorem ut. In ipsum magna voluptua. Cum et dolor et nonumy. Magna at justo magna amet duo et nulla iriure magna autem kasd autem diam consequat justo. Luptatum invidunt sit cum lorem sed velit eros ut diam congue vero erat iriure esse esse. Facilisis sea sit. At dolor sit justo ad justo ipsum dolore eu lorem tempor elit diam.
Consetetur ut voluptua et aliquip. Autem sed sed in consequat invidunt amet magna labore zzril diam duo stet. Sanctus sed labore ullamcorper voluptua eum id justo. Kasd sea vel amet illum sed tempor qui elitr et amet sed nonumy accumsan imperdiet clita. Id ut rebum ipsum ut luptatum enim. Delenit duis voluptua invidunt. Odio sed sed autem adipiscing.
Sample Output H4
Elitr amet sea euismod. Ipsum et dolores amet amet. Eirmod clita laoreet tempor consetetur sanctus sea wisi elitr diam. Et hendrerit et aliquip lorem nihil dolores dolore et vero clita magna ut amet voluptua vero. Sed autem eum nibh stet aliquyam dolores vero accusam erat nisl et lorem. Voluptua ullamcorper est voluptua et lobortis erat eirmod lorem adipiscing justo consetetur elit vel aliquyam sit tempor volutpat et. Diam consetetur vero euismod diam stet et sed elitr erat. Feugait labore sea invidunt accusam tempor sea kasd. Stet consequat minim clita exerci in. Et in vel vel ut nonumy sanctus ullamcorper.
Kasd invidunt et aliquyam dolor doming sed dolor nulla no laoreet exerci nostrud no rebum tation aliquyam laoreet takimata. Minim accusam dolor iriure consequat dolor dolores zzril augue dignissim. Magna magna ut tation nisl lobortis et. Voluptua stet gubergren magna erat sit consequat ut. Justo consequat no commodo delenit eu invidunt diam dolores eros lorem lorem. Dolor justo sanctus nonummy dolor ut invidunt et vulputate lorem sea sadipscing luptatum rebum dignissim diam. Dolore duo et magna dolor ut exerci. Et sanctus accusam volutpat invidunt magna hendrerit iriure sit exerci ut vero et consetetur vel dolore justo imperdiet. Sit eos dolore in minim amet in sadipscing dolor.
Sample Output H4
Dolore nonumy aliquyam blandit aliquyam sed rebum nonummy sit justo sit lorem dignissim vel. Et voluptua in assum ut clita amet odio at justo laoreet vulputate diam ut minim eirmod doming erat. Rebum praesent sadipscing autem rebum illum lorem takimata. Consetetur invidunt et sed dolor luptatum labore sit dolore nibh lorem aliquam magna esse aliquyam nonumy. Gubergren diam kasd ut feugiat eirmod justo invidunt et ex et. Euismod justo ipsum vero esse in lobortis nihil sit. Hendrerit amet ipsum sit justo rebum ea et dolore.
Gubergren sadipscing dolor doming id stet dolor sanctus in minim et clita. Amet iusto sit amet in facilisi minim feugiat. At ut gubergren voluptua dolore et sanctus iusto nonumy duo gubergren diam ea. Justo sed consetetur minim amet takimata dolore et nibh eirmod in. Et illum et invidunt no sea iusto labore erat aliquyam. Justo magna tempor adipiscing invidunt nibh eu quis volutpat. Sit dolore sit elit.
Sample Output H3
Eos est est diam accusam enim exerci suscipit in sit lorem no takimata dolor magna. Assum sed est. Duo takimata vel clita gubergren consetetur. Lobortis labore ea amet accumsan et molestie autem erat quis diam quis no eirmod ea. Et ut et eirmod et amet clita clita nonumy consetetur takimata ipsum et nonumy kasd magna eum voluptua. Accumsan consetetur sit sadipscing id laoreet ex dolor eos autem amet amet adipiscing consequat ea dolor consequat tempor est. Eos autem tempor nihil nonummy vero blandit magna eos tempor te dolores dolore labore sed ipsum et. Sit ea illum dolor tempor stet accumsan ipsum at dolor dolor invidunt. Sadipscing lorem aliquyam magna elitr sea accusam nihil. Lorem molestie sed sit lorem ut eum erat sanctus dolores invidunt diam. Sed nibh at gubergren vero et vel.
Aliquyam eirmod doming aliquip. Sed et invidunt diam iriure et voluptua kasd feugait et elitr no no eos. Kasd vel vel et aliquip consequat duo nonumy dolore labore commodo ea. Vero facilisi in erat accusam et dolor sea invidunt sea at dolores lorem erat ut lorem duo ipsum. Elitr stet eu nonumy magna. Lorem euismod eos autem est takimata magna est vel tempor ipsum clita sadipscing sanctus invidunt et. Dolor eum kasd lorem soluta laoreet consequat sed stet est illum dolor sed gubergren dolor diam amet. Minim erat eum magna lorem gubergren stet ea sed et stet eum. Diam et sea.
Sample Output H4
No ipsum et sanctus nostrud. Sed dignissim veniam. In duis accumsan eos lorem labore sadipscing consetetur nonummy. Nonumy sit te eirmod erat ea lorem dolor stet nisl dolore lorem vero te aliquyam elitr sanctus sanctus esse. Diam wisi ad feugiat placerat facilisis sed sed. Takimata cum dolore amet magna feugiat sea ut sed no gubergren nulla labore. Sea kasd labore odio rebum elitr takimata erat tempor velit sit voluptua possim ullamcorper amet sit nobis. Rebum tempor takimata lorem at lorem eos erat facer labore diam consequat at amet sit veniam ullamcorper aliquip.
Ea ea nonumy sed ut sanctus ipsum quod sadipscing dolor dolor dolore et eirmod volutpat amet dolore. Ea labore et ut. In dolor nulla kasd eum at sed sit. Dolore gubergren vulputate lorem tempor aliquyam nam qui ut erat invidunt dolor lorem eum accusam lorem. Sanctus dolor nobis justo invidunt sadipscing erat rebum autem diam. Amet nisl justo ea. Nisl esse et lorem justo. Et et eleifend amet ipsum ipsum magna lorem nonumy tempor aliquyam aliquyam dolor et dolores nonumy nibh ut. Qui diam lorem autem suscipit stet feugiat accusam sit aliquyam sadipscing aliquyam. Dolore elit diam invidunt justo magna nostrud lorem et euismod.
Sample Output H4
Vulputate nulla et feugiat lorem dolore clita justo ipsum luptatum. Duo blandit sed. Vero sed aliquyam vero clita lorem autem lorem qui diam magna. Takimata sea nonumy lorem dolore consectetuer no labore cum minim sed et lorem magna et dolor amet eu et. Sed ipsum sit eos ipsum suscipit feugait in elitr erat dolore. Eos clita sanctus kasd amet.
Lobortis in takimata dolores illum invidunt sed voluptua dolore sed amet. Tempor tincidunt nulla elitr sea dolor est dolor. Eirmod consequat elitr. No stet sadipscing clita at vero facilisis accusam amet duo takimata et dolore ipsum molestie liber. Nostrud stet dolor duis amet ipsum nulla ut ipsum justo nonumy nonumy elit. Takimata rebum hendrerit duo ipsum eos nonumy sanctus. In eum eros ut et lorem voluptua nonumy enim enim delenit. Ut sit consequat justo eos et duis diam et vulputate eros delenit tempor sit sea justo ut. Et facer nam sadipscing.
More Sample Output H2
Erat ut tempor ut et ea accusam rebum et suscipit eu dolor no amet at lobortis at erat. Sit invidunt stet duo et duis. Nisl dolor dolore vero iusto ea tempor sit. Magna aliquyam ipsum sanctus elitr ipsum kasd vel luptatum justo tincidunt. Consequat ea eum ea sed et eros ea ullamcorper elitr amet nonumy duo amet doming sit elitr et dolore. Dolores duis at kasd kasd takimata lorem ipsum vero lorem blandit dolor accusam quis dolore nulla eirmod ut consetetur. Iriure dolore stet eos nonummy sea sanctus dolor dignissim sed est et et.
Accusam lorem dolore lorem accusam ad esse diam sed tincidunt nulla dolores lorem sit magna minim labore. Ipsum eirmod aliquip molestie liber feugiat odio sit. Dolor rebum consetetur ut invidunt illum laoreet vel consetetur sanctus voluptua vero justo et no. Volutpat amet sed soluta sit lorem. Velit amet stet accusam suscipit ut ipsum dolores et accusam nonumy suscipit no sit velit autem lobortis sit dolore. Ut diam amet ut ut iriure dolor nonumy minim aliquyam volutpat. Consequat ipsum est in vero kasd duo sit autem facer eos invidunt minim invidunt et. Diam et invidunt dolore.
Sample Output H3
Erat exerci at erat iusto no aliquip no aliquip molestie et ipsum sea aliquyam sed. Eirmod sadipscing et vulputate clita. Ut ea tempor aliquyam dolor tempor clita elitr sed magna eirmod magna justo erat stet feugiat esse sea. Consectetuer ut ut rebum dolore sed ipsum duo rebum invidunt in. Ipsum est rebum eirmod augue gubergren iriure illum eu eu augue consetetur takimata gubergren voluptua kasd clita sit. Eirmod elitr sed amet magna dolor sit. Vel id et lorem magna sit erat diam no. Diam duo duo magna dolore hendrerit ipsum. Nostrud sanctus et soluta quis est clita hendrerit eos clita justo gubergren lorem duo.
Iusto invidunt augue molestie nonumy gubergren. Justo dolores odio accusam ipsum eros vero rebum invidunt elitr eos erat amet sit duo ut rebum invidunt dolore. Duo et lorem laoreet placerat odio sit mazim vero aliquyam molestie dolor zzril sed ipsum adipiscing eirmod. Dolor dolore amet. Dolore sit at nonumy soluta no possim dolor. Commodo takimata dolore kasd dolor duo sit lorem ea. Eleifend possim takimata velit in consequat amet elitr ut sit aliquyam.
Sample Output H4
Amet et labore et aliquip dolore justo tempor lorem et rebum diam id dolores dolores facilisi dolore. Cum nibh ipsum. Diam dolore lorem qui hendrerit invidunt ea tempor. Lobortis eirmod feugait sit nostrud te nam rebum. Sit clita nihil praesent vero ex sit magna consequat erat ut lorem doming minim nulla magna sadipscing dolore. Autem id et vel et lorem no dolor sit dolor voluptua dolor amet nihil in autem. Invidunt diam lorem praesent eos erat ipsum labore invidunt lorem no in sed dolor. Ipsum no ad lorem aliquyam kasd feugiat dolor duo commodo amet labore sea magna no accumsan. Dolore takimata kasd ea clita duis vero et rebum vel congue dolore sit sed et est voluptua ipsum.
Dolor ea magna laoreet. Dolore justo at consetetur nonummy eu diam stet lorem nulla facer aliquyam ut tempor feugait facilisi. Dolores et labore vulputate dolores duo et erat magna dolore ut feugait ipsum. Facilisis facilisi accumsan aliquyam elit magna est dolor ipsum odio autem dolor accusam sit id. Clita diam at option ipsum diam.
Sample Output H4
Ipsum sit facer et rebum kasd eos eirmod consectetuer consetetur. Eos kasd accusam rebum vel praesent autem iusto illum takimata ut sit est nisl sanctus ullamcorper sit aliquam. Duis invidunt duo et nobis erat laoreet sea lorem. Ipsum sed eu eum. Consequat ea facer rebum delenit dolore lorem volutpat no duis vero lorem adipiscing clita feugait et. Blandit rebum eu sed ipsum in velit duo duo no erat aliquyam eirmod sit voluptua justo consequat. Elitr et eirmod et vulputate takimata sit. At vero elitr diam doming consetetur dolor et diam et ea no magna ut dolores erat amet eos.
Te ut sit justo lorem magna commodo amet. Dolor dolor dolore at nulla duo. Dolore sed eu labore sea sea. Sadipscing lorem sanctus consectetuer dolores dolore lorem at et et sit. Sanctus placerat sanctus elitr ea diam sed consetetur erat vero sea amet justo. Ipsum ea duo at no. Dolores ea facilisi molestie accusam stet amet ea accumsan eos suscipit et vero magna. Sed sanctus invidunt duo vero labore labore velit justo sit sed.
Sample Output H3
Duo justo sea. Sed nisl et sed labore et et dolor kasd. Lobortis takimata ut et voluptua eirmod dolor iriure consequat magna takimata ut sit et amet esse vulputate tincidunt. Et delenit justo lorem et sit dolor magna et vero et ea et sit takimata congue autem. Stet sit aliquyam duis assum et dolore. Nonumy veniam nobis aliquyam rebum nisl clita diam in. Magna vero ut magna no sanctus voluptua tation no amet sed nonumy nonumy. Duis ut tincidunt nibh et. Kasd sit erat ipsum sit at augue vulputate sadipscing delenit et gubergren voluptua nibh dolores. Erat magna eros eos esse dolore ut kasd kasd dolores eos feugiat dolor eu sed ut nulla.
Rebum est et invidunt labore consetetur est delenit option erat ea eum diam vulputate at ut. Et gubergren nisl aliquyam suscipit veniam molestie facilisis dignissim magna. Vel consequat velit ea sit feugiat ut ut augue amet gubergren erat ut velit diam. Et lorem sit rebum clita consetetur lorem et sed at et sed stet duo diam rebum sit. Dolore erat te. Vel lorem labore takimata aliquam. Vero magna sit exerci adipiscing sed at. Tincidunt amet sed nonumy sit dolores justo sit sanctus sanctus et elit eos. Commodo aliquam lorem eos facer consequat blandit dolor nonumy est. Lorem veniam soluta vero feugiat tincidunt ut gubergren sit ut quod facilisi eros.
Sample Output H4
Diam ut dolore lorem et elitr ut sed consequat ea elitr et tempor sea ut sed. Est lorem dolor sit invidunt magna diam blandit molestie ut nulla labore sea. At ut dolor nam erat cum. Ut ipsum et dolor est dolor tempor feugiat dolore. Diam aliquyam dolor et eros dolor euismod nostrud sed elit et adipiscing dolor magna accumsan nonumy volutpat delenit ipsum. Clita sea vero duo elit consequat erat amet eos kasd vulputate. Tincidunt enim nonumy sed sanctus facilisis dolores et accusam ipsum nonumy justo aliquip at takimata vel clita. Te takimata magna iusto luptatum dolor takimata duo.
Suscipit accumsan sed. No magna takimata eos ut labore consequat consetetur sit ea sit nonumy justo lorem dolore nulla erat dolore. Eu amet dolor gubergren dolores dolores elitr. Facilisi est voluptua consetetur dolore justo accusam gubergren aliquam justo et no sed ut. Te illum et veniam diam ipsum dolore stet clita dolor sit delenit sit. Et nonumy est elit dolore voluptua eos et accusam. Ipsum erat sadipscing et in amet commodo kasd magna nisl in.
Sample Output H4
Vero et lorem euismod ut ea. Ea invidunt velit ipsum vel erat sed amet sit no sadipscing vulputate ad adipiscing sea. No amet vulputate dolores stet diam et autem. Dolor vero amet enim illum. Eum sanctus sea elitr aliquyam ut suscipit lorem dolore dolores sed luptatum eos. Ut aliquyam invidunt kasd et nonumy takimata tempor ipsum et. Takimata sanctus ut labore eos duis dolore amet nonumy dolor dolor aliquip diam erat tempor. Stet aliquyam amet eos sea kasd eos luptatum et nonumy labore.
Kasd te sed voluptua sit et invidunt. Ipsum nonumy est aliquyam nonumy labore stet blandit amet sit lorem dolore in stet sea elit kasd. Sit enim dolor. Labore augue rebum eleifend sed et. Facilisis assum sanctus dolor clita no diam consetetur elitr justo sed dolor et accusam. Erat amet justo ipsum sit placerat ipsum labore diam ipsum nonumy invidunt eirmod. Ipsum nonumy est elitr invidunt zzril et dolor magna erat. Dolores ipsum cum dolor duo eirmod ex diam takimata dolore clita sea aliquyam dolore molestie ea aliquip erat ipsum. Vero ipsum ipsum.